Which of the Following Is a Factor in the Increase of Single-parent Families in North America

Blazon of parent

A single parent is a person who lives with a child or children and who does not have a spouse or live-in partner. Reasons for condign a single parent include divorce, suspension-upwards, abandonment, domestic violence, rape, expiry of the other parent, childbirth by a unmarried person or single-person adoption. A unmarried parent family unit is a family with children that is headed by a unmarried parent.^[ane] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

History [edit]

Single parenthood has been common historically due to parental mortality rate due to disease, wars, homicide, piece of work accidents and maternal bloodshed. Historical estimates indicate that in French, English, or Spanish villages in the 17th and 18th centuries at least one-3rd of children lost 1 of their parents during childhood; in 19th-century Milan, about half of all children lost at least one parent past historic period 20; in 19th-century Mainland china, almost 1-third of boys had lost one parent or both by the age of 15.^[5] Such single parenthood was often short in elapsing, since remarriage rates were high.^{[half dozen]}

Divorce was generally rare historically (although this depends past civilization and era), and divorce especially became very hard to obtain later on the fall of the Roman Empire, in Medieval Europe, due to strong interest of ecclesiastical courts in family unit life (though disparateness and other forms of separation were more mutual).^[7]

Demographics [edit]

Households [edit]

Among all households in OECD countries in 2011, the proportion of single-parent households was in iii-11% the range, with an average of 7.5%. It was highest in Australia (ten%), Canada (10%), United mexican states (ten%), United States (10%), Republic of lithuania (ten%), Costa Rica (eleven%), Republic of latvia (eleven%) and New Zealand (eleven%), while it was lowest in Nippon (3%), Greece (4%), Switzerland (4%), Republic of bulgaria (5), Croatia (5%), Germany (5%), Italy (5%) and Cyprus (5%). The proportion was ix% in both Ireland and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[8]

Among households with children in 2005/09, the proportion of single-parent households was 10% in Japan, xvi% in holland, 19% in Sweden, 20% in France, 22% in Denmark, 22% in Frg, 23% in Ireland, 25% in Canada, 25% in the Uk, and xxx% in the U.s.a.. The U.S. proportion increased from 20% in 1980 to 30% in 2008.^[nine]

In all OECD countries, most single-parent households were headed by a mother. The proportion headed past a father varied between nine% and 25%. It was everyman in Estonia (9%), Costa Rica (10%), Cyprus (ten%), Japan (ten%), Ireland (10%) and the United Kingdom (12%), while it was highest in Norway (22%), Spain (23%), Sweden (24%), Romania (25%) and the Usa (25%). These numbers were not provided for Canada, Australia or New Zealand.^[8]

Children [edit]

In 2016/17, the proportion of children living in a single-parent household varied between six% and 28% in the different OECD countries, with an OECD country average of 17%. It was lowest in Turkey (2015, 6%), Greece (eight%), Croatia (8%) and Poland (10%), while it was highest in France (23%), United Kingdom (23%), Belgium (25%), Lithuania (25%), United States (27%) and Republic of latvia (28%). It was 19% in Republic of ireland and Canada.^[10]

Amid children living in a single-parent household, most alive primarily with their female parent, others primarily with their father, while other children have a shared parenting arrangement where they spend an approximately equal amount of fourth dimension with their ii parents. Among those living primarily with one unmarried parent, most live with their mother. In 2016 (or latest year available), the proportion of 6-12 year olds living primarily with their single male parent ranged betwixt 5% and 36% amid the dissimilar OECD countries. It was highest in Belgium (17%), Iceland (xix%), Slovenia (20%), France (22%), Norway (23%) and Sweden (36%), while it was lowest in Lithuania (4%), Ireland (5%), Poland (5%), Republic of estonia (vii%), Austria (7%) and the United kingdom (eight%). It was 15% in the U.s.a..^[eleven]

In 2005/06, the proportion of 11- to 15-year-old children living in a shared parenting organisation versus with but ane of their parents varied between 1% and 17%, being the highest in Sweden. It was 5% in Republic of ireland and the United states, and 7% in Canada and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[12] By 2016/17, the pct in Sweden had increased to 28%.^[thirteen]

Bear upon on parents [edit]

Single mothers [edit]

Over 9.5 1000000 American families are run by ane woman. Single mothers are likely to accept mental health issues, fiscal hardships, alive in a low income surface area, and receive low levels of social support. All of these factors are taken into consideration when evaluating the mental health of single mothers. The occurrence of moderate to astringent mental disability was more pronounced amidst single mothers at 28.7% compared to partnered mothers at 15.vii%.^[14] These mental disabilities include but are not limited to anxiety and depression. Financial hardships also bear upon the mental health of unmarried mothers. Women, ages fifteen–24, were more probable to live in a depression socio-economic area, have one child, and not to have completed their senior year of loftier school. These women reported to be in the two lowest income areas, and their mental wellness was much poorer than those in higher income areas.^[14]

A similar report on the mental health of single mothers attempted to answer the question, "Are in that location differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, between married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers?" Statistically, never married, and separated/divorced mothers had the highest regularities of drug abuse, personality disorder and PTSD.^[fifteen] The family structure tin become a trigger for mental health problems in single mothers. They are especially at risk for having higher levels of depressive symptoms.^[sixteen]

Studies from the 1970s showed that single mothers who are not financially stable are more likely to experience depression.^[17] In a more current study information technology was proven that financial strain was direct correlated with sky rocket levels of depression.^[17] Among low-income, single mothers, depressive symptoms may be as high as sixty%.^[18]

Inadequate admission to mental health care services is prevalent amongst impoverished women. Depression-income women are less likely to receive mental health care for numerous reasons. Mental health services remain caitiff for depression-income, more so, low-income single women are more than likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and other poor mental health outcomes. Researchers Copeland and Snyder (2011) addressed the barriers low-income single mothers have on receiving mental health care, "Visible barriers often include the lack of customs resource, transportation, child care, convenient hours, and financial resources." Meanwhile, depression-income unmarried mothers are more probable to bring their children in for mental wellness treatment than themselves. Researchers Copeland and Snyder analyzed sixty-four African American mothers who brought their children in for mental health treatment. These mothers were and then screened for mild, moderate, and severe depression and/or feet. After three months the researchers used an ethnographic interview to address whether or not the participants used mental health services that were referred to them. Results indicated that the majority of the participants did not apply the referred mental wellness care services for reasons that included: fear of losing their children, being hospitalized and/or stigmatized past their customs counterparts.^[19]

Impact on children [edit]

Co-ordinate to David Blankenhorn,^[20] Patrick Fagan,^[21] Mitch Pearlstein^[22] David Popenoe^[23] and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead,^[24] living in a single parent family is strongly correlated with school failure and bug of delinquency, drug employ, teenage pregnancies, poverty, and welfare dependency in the United States. Using multilevel modelling, Suet-Ling Pong has shown that a loftier proportion of American children from single parent families perform poorly on mathematics and reading achievement tests.^[25] ^[26]

In Sweden, Emma Fransson et al. take shown that children living with 1 single parent have worse well-being in terms of physical health behavior, mental wellness, peer friendships, bullying, cultural activities, sports, and family relationships, compared to children from intact families. As a contrast, children in a shared parenting arrangement that alive approximately equal amount of time with their divorced mother and father have about the aforementioned well-being as children from intact families and ameliorate outcomes than children with just one custodial parent.^[27]

The United Kingdom Office for National Statistics has reported that children of unmarried parents, later on controlling for other variables like family income, are more than likely to have problems, including existence twice as likely to suffer from mental illness.^[28] Both British and American researchers show that children with no fathers are three times more than likely to exist unhappy, and are also more likely to engage in anti-social behavior, corruption substances and engage in juvenile deliquency.^[29] ^[thirty]

Bear upon on American gild [edit]

In 2017, the U.Due south Census Bureau published a report breaking downwards the number of children living in single parent households by the race of the family. The study institute dramatic disparities in the rates of single parent families amid the races examined.^[31]

Cultural norms and attitudes [edit]

There is some debate among experts as to what the important component of the family unit structure is, particularly in the US, centring on whether or not a complete family unit or the love and affection of the children's parents is more than important. There are fifty-fifty some that argue that a single-parent family is not even really a family.^[32] In the Usa, where living standards are more often than not high, single-parent households are on average much poorer, a blueprint largely explained by the lack of a second source of income in the dwelling itself.^[33] With respect to this, recent public policy debates have centered on whether or non government should requite aid to unmarried parent households, which some believe volition reduce poverty and amend their situation, or instead focus on wider issues like protecting employment.^[34] In addition, there is a debate on the behavioral furnishings of children with incarcerated parents, and how losing one or both parents to incarceration affects their bookish functioning and social well-existence with others.^[35]

It is encouraged that each parent respects the other, at least in the child'south presence^{[ past whom? ]}, and provide kid back up for the principal caregiver, when parents are not married or separated.^[34] ^[36] The civil behaviour amid separated parents has a direct event on how the child copes with their situation; this is peculiarly seen in younger children who do not yet understand their familial separation, requiring both parents to establish a limited friendship to support the upbringing of their child.^[36]

Causes of single-parenthood [edit]

Widowed parents [edit]

Statue of a mother at the Yasukuni Shrine, dedicated to state of war widows who raised their children alone

Historically, decease of a partner was a common crusade of unmarried parenting. Diseases and maternal death not infrequently resulted in a widower or widow responsible for children. At sure times wars might also deprive significant numbers of families of a parent. Improvements in sanitation and maternal care have decreased mortality for those of reproductive age, making expiry a less mutual cause of single parenting.

Divorced parents [edit]

Divorce statistics [edit]

In 2009, the overall divorce rate was around 9/1000 in the U.s.a.. Information technology was also constitute that more than influence came from the south, with the rates in that location beingness about x.5/1000, equally opposed to the north where it was around vii/chiliad.^[37] This resulted in well-nigh 1.five% (around 1 million) children living in the firm of a recently divorced parent in the same yr.^[38] Along with this, information technology has been shown that for the past 10 years or so, first marriages have a forty% hazard of ending in divorce.^{[ citation needed ]} And, for other marriages after a showtime divorce, the take chances of another divorce increases. In 2003, a study showed that about 69% of children in American living in a household that was a dissimilar structure than the typical nuclear family. This was broken downwards into well-nigh 30% living with a stepparent, 23% living with a biological mother, vi% with grandparents as caregivers, iv% with a biological father, four% with someone who was not a straight relative, and a modest 1% living with a foster family unit.^[39]

Effectually the mid-1990s, there was a meaning amount of single parents raising children, with 1.3 million single fathers and 7.vi one thousand thousand unmarried mothers in the United states alone.^{[ citation needed ]} However, many parents want, or attempt, to get sole custody, which would make them a unmarried parent, only are unsuccessful in the court process. In that location are many parents who may single parent, but practice and so without official custody, further biasing statistics.

Children and divorce [edit]

Kid custody in reference to divorce refers to which parent is allowed to brand important decisions about the children involved. Physical custody refers to which parent the child lives with. Among divorced parents, "parallel parenting" refers to parenting subsequently divorce in which each parent does and so independently; this is most mutual. In comparison, cooperative parenting occurs when the parents involved in the kid'due south life piece of work together around all involved parties' schedules and activities, and this is far less mutual. After a certain "crisis period," nigh children resume normal development; notwithstanding, their future relationships are often affected, as they lack a model upon which to base a good for you long-term relationship. Nonetheless, equally adults children of divorcees cope improve with alter.^[forty] ^[41] ^[42]

Children are afflicted by divorce in many different ways, varying by the circumstances and age of the child. Young children ages two to six are generally the near fearful of parental separation, and ofttimes feel abandoned or confused. Both boys and girls have the aforementioned corporeality of trouble coping, but often bear witness this in different ways. Nonetheless this age group adapts all-time to their situations, as they are frequently likewise immature to call back their non-custodial parent vividly. Children ages seven to twelve are much amend at expressing emotions and accepting parentage breakage, merely oftentimes distrust their parents, rely on outside help and support for encouragement, and may manifest social and academic problems. Adolescents cope the worst with divorce; they ofttimes struggle almost with the modify, and may even turn away from their family entirely, dealing with their situation on their own. They often have problems expressing feelings, similar to far younger children, and may have adjustment issues with long-term relationships due to these feelings.^[43] Keeping in touch with both parents and having a healthy relationship with both mother and father appears to have the virtually effect on a kid's behavior; which leads to an easier time coping with the divorce too as evolution through the child'south life.^[44] Children will do better with their parents divorce if they have a smooth adjustment menstruation. One way to make this adjustment easier on children is to let them "remain in the same neighborhoods and schools post-obit divorce."^[45]

Single adult female births [edit]

Unintended pregnancy [edit]

Some out-of-spousal relationship births are intended, but many are unintentional. Out-of-spousal relationship births are ofttimes not adequate to club, and they often issue in single parenting. A partner may too leave every bit he or she may desire to shirk responsibility of bringing up the child. This likewise may harm the kid.^[46] Where they are non acceptable, they sometimes result in forced union, nevertheless such marriages neglect more than often than others.

In the United States, the rate of unintended pregnancy is higher amongst unmarried couples than among married ones. In 1990, 73% of births to unmarried women were unintended at the time of conception, compared to about 44% of births overall.^[47]

Mothers with unintended pregnancies, and their children, are subject to numerous agin health effects, including increased risk of violence and death, and the children are less likely to succeed in schoolhouse and are more than likely to live in poverty and be involved in criminal offence.

"Frail Families" are ordinarily acquired by an unintended pregnancy out of spousal relationship. Usually in this state of affairs the father is non completely in the picture and the relationship between the mother, male parent, and child is consistently unstable. As well as instability "fragile families" are often express in resources such as human capital and financial resources, the kids that come from these families are more probable to be hindered inside school and don't succeed as well every bit kids who have strictly single parents or two parent homes.^[48] Usually within these families the father plans to stick around and help raise the kid just one time the kid is born the fathers do not stay for much longer and only one third stay after five years of the child'due south nativity.^[49] Most of these fragile families come from depression economic status to brainstorm with and the bicycle appears to continue; once the kid grows upwardly they are just equally likely to still be poor and live in poverty besides.^[50] Most delicate families stop with the mother becoming a single parent, leaving information technology even more difficult to come out of the poverty wheel. The gender of the baby seems to have no event if the father is not living with the mother at the time of the birth, pregnant they are still probable to exit after one year of the child's birth. Even so there is some evidence that suggests that if the male parent is living with the mother at the fourth dimension of the nascency he is more likely to stay afterwards 1 year if the child is a son rather than a girl.^[51]

Selection [edit]

Some individuals choose to become pregnant and parent on their own. Others choose to adopt. Typically referred to in the Westward as "Unmarried Mothers by Choice" or "Choice Moms" though, fathers also (less commonly) may choose to become unmarried parents through adoption or surrogacy. Many turn to single parenthood by choice later on not finding the correct person to raise children with, and for women, it often comes out of a desire to have biological children before it is too late to do so.

Single-parent adoption [edit]

A unmarried mother and child

History of single parent adoptions [edit]

Single parent adoptions have existed since the mid 19th century. Men were rarely considered as adoptive parents, and were considered far less desired. Ofttimes, children adopted past a single person were raised in pairs rather than alone, and many adoptions past lesbians and gay men were arranged as unmarried parent adoptions. During the mid 19th century many country welfare officials made it difficult if not incommunicable for single persons to prefer, as agencies searched for "normal" families with married men and women. In 1965, the Los Angeles Bureau of Adoptions sought single African-Americans for African-American orphans for whom married families could non exist establish. In 1968, the Child Welfare League of America stated that married couples were preferred, but there were "exceptional circumstances" where unmarried parent adoptions were permissible.^[52]

Not much has changed with the adoption process since the 1960s. All the same, today, many countries merely permit women to adopt as a single parent, and many others but allow men to adopt boys.^[53]

Considerations [edit]

Single parent adoptions are controversial. They are, nevertheless, still preferred over divorcees, as divorced parents are considered an unnecessary stress on the child.^[54] In one study, the interviewers asked children questions about their new lifestyle in a single-parent dwelling. The interviewer found that when asked near fears, a high proportion of children feared disease or injury to the parent. When asked most happiness, half of the children talked almost outings with their single adoptive parent.^[55] A unmarried person wanting to adopt a child has to be mindful of the challenges they may face, and at that place are sure agencies that will non piece of work with single adoptive parents at all. Single parents will typically simply take their own income to live off of, and thus might non have a fill-in plan for potential children in case something happens to them.^[56] Traveling is as well made more circuitous, as the child must either be left in someone else's care, or taken along.^[57]

By country [edit]

Australia [edit]

In 2003, 14% of all Australian households were single-parent families.^[58] In Australia 2011, out of all families 15.9% were unmarried parent families. Out of these families 17.half dozen% of the single parents were males, whilst 82.4% were females.^[59]

Single people are eligible to apply for adoption in all states of Australia, except for Queensland and South Australia. They are able to apply for adoption both to Australian built-in and international built-in children, although not many other countries allow unmarried parent adoptions.^[60]

Unmarried parents in Australia are eligible for support payments from the authorities, simply only if they are caring for at to the lowest degree i child under the age of eight.^[61]

New Zealand [edit]

At the 2013 demography, 17.8% of New Zealand families were single-parent, of which v-sixths were headed past a female. Single-parent families in New Zealand have fewer children than ii-parent families; 56% of unmarried-parent families take only one kid and 29% have two children, compared to 38% and 40% respectively for two-parent families.^[62]

Britain [edit]

In the Uk, well-nigh 1 out of 4 families with dependent children are single-parent families, 8 to xi percentage of which have a male single-parent.^[63] ^[64] ^[65] Uk poverty figures show that 52% of single parent families are below the Government-defined poverty line (after housing costs).^[66] Single parents in the UK are near twice as probable to be in low-paid jobs as other workers (39% of working single parents compared with 21% of working people nationally). This is highlighted in a written report published by Gingerbread, funded by Trust for London and Barrow Cadbury Trust.^[67]

United states of america [edit]

In the Usa, since the 1960s, at that place has been a marked increase in the number of children living with a single parent. The jump was caused by an increase in births to unmarried women and by the increasing prevalence of divorces amidst couples. In 2010, 40.7% of births in the US were to single women.^[68] In 2000, 11% of children were living with parents who had never been married, fifteen.6% of children lived with a divorced parent, and 1.two% lived with a parent who was widowed.^[69] ^[70] The results of the 2010 The states Demography showed that 27% of children live with one parent, consequent with the emerging trend noted in 2000.^[71] The nigh contempo data of December 2011 shows approximately xiii.vii one thousand thousand unmarried parents in the U.S.^[72] Mississippi leads the nation with the highest percent of births to unmarried mothers with 54% in 2014, followed past Louisiana, New Mexico, Florida and South Carolina.^[73]

In 2020, x.7 one thousand thousand families in the US were headed past a single parent with children nether the age of 18, 80% of which were headed past a female. ^[74] ^[75]

The newest census agency reports that betwixt 1960 and 2016, the percentage of children living in families with two parents decreased from 88 to 69. Of those 50.7 million children living in families with 2 parents, 47.vii million live with two married parents and 3.0 million live with two unmarried parents.^[76]

The percent of children living with single parents increased substantially in the United States during the second half of the 20th century. Co-ordinate to a 2013 Child Trends study, only 9% of children lived with single parents in the 1960s—a figure that increased to 28% in 2012.^[77] The main crusade of single parent families are high rates of divorce and non-marital childbearing.

India [edit]

The Supreme Courtroom of India and various High Courts of Bharat have recognized the rights of single mothers to requite birth and enhance children.^[78] ^[79] The High Court of Kerala, has declared in a example argued by Advocate Aruna A. that, the birth registration authorities cannot insist on the details of the father for registration of nativity of a child built-in to a single mother, conceived through IVF.^[lxxx] ^[81]

References [edit]

^ Miriam-Webster Lexicon single parent, noun
^ Collins English Dictionary single parent
^ US Legal, Single Parent Constabulary and Legal Definition
^ The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia, Single-Parent Families, Sage Publications
^ Gay Brunet. "Orphans". Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Guild. Cyberspace FAQ Archives.
^ Dupaquier J, Helin Due east, Laslett P, Livi-Bacci Grand, Marriage and remarriage in populations of the by, London: Academic Press, 1981.
^ Kent's Commentaries on American Law, p. 125, north. ane (14th ed. 1896).
^ ^a ^b OECD Family Database, SF1.1:Family size and household composition, OECD -Social Policy Partition -Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, June 12, 2016.
^ "Tabular array 1337. Single-Parent Households: 1980 to 2009" (PDF). www.demography.gov. The states Demography Agency, Statistical Abstract of the U.s.: 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
^ OECD -Social Policy Partitioning -Advisers of Employment, Labour and Social Diplomacy, OECD Family unit Database, Chart SF1.2.A. Living arrangements of children, 2017
^ OECD -Social Policy Division -Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD Family unit Database, Tabular array SF1.3.A. Living arrangements of children by age
^ Bjarnason T, Arnarsson AA. Joint Physical Custody and Communication with Parents: A Cross-National Study of Children in 36 Western Countries, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 2011, 42:871-890.
^ Statistics Sweden, Barns boende (växelvis boende, hos mamma, hos pappa, etc.) 2012—2017, November 11, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Dark-brown, George W.; Moran, Patricia One thousand. (1997-01-01). "Single mothers, poverty and depression". Psychological Medicine. 27 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1017/s0033291796004060. ISSN 1469-8978. PMID 9122302.
^ Afifi, Tracie O.; Cox, Brian J.; Enns, Murray W. (2006-02-09). "Mental health profiles amid married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 41 (2): 122–129. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0005-3. ISSN 0933-7954. PMID 16467954. S2CID 37493744.
^ Jayakody, Rukmalie; Stauffer, Dawn (2000-01-01). "Mental Wellness Problems Amid Unmarried Mothers: Implications for Work and Welfare Reform". Periodical of Social Problems. 56 (4): 617–634. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00188. ISSN 1540-4560. S2CID 2946124.
^ ^a ^b Belle, Deborah (1990-03-01). "Poverty and women's mental wellness". American Psychologist. 45 (three): 385–389. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.3.385. ISSN 1935-990X.
^ Peden, Ann R.; Rayens, Mary Kay; Hall, Lynne A.; Grant, Elizabeth (2004-12-01). "Negative Thinking and the Mental Wellness of Low-Income Single Mothers". Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 36 (iv): 337–344. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04061.ten. ISSN 1547-5069. PMID 15636414.
^ Copeland, Valire C. & Kimberly Snyder. 2011. "Barriers to Mental Wellness Treatment Services for Low-Income African American Women Whose Children Receive Behavioral Health Services: An Ethnographic Investigation." Social Piece of work in Public Health 26:1, 78–95
^ Blankenhorn, 1995 D. Blankenhorn Fatherless America: Confronting Our Virtually Urgent Social Problem Basic Books, New York (1995)
^ "How Broken Families Rob Children of Their Chances for Future Prosperity". The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 2017-01-xviii .
^ Thou. Pearlstein From Family Plummet to America'south Decline: The Educational, Economical, and Social Costs of Family unit Disintegration Rowman & Littlefield, New York, NY (2011)
^ D. Popenoe Families without Fathers: Fathers, Wedlock, and Children in American Club Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ (2009)
^ B.D. Whitehead The Divorce Culture Alfred Knopf, New York (1997)
^ Pong SL. Family unit structure, school context, and 8th-course math and reading achievement. Journal of Matrimony and the Family. 1997 Aug one:734-46.
^ Pong SL. The schoolhouse compositional effect of single parenthood on tenth-grade achievement. Sociology of education. 1998 January one:23-42.
^ Fransson E, Låftman SB, Östberg V, Hjern A, Bergström M. The living atmospheric condition of children with shared residence–the Swedish example. Kid Indicators Enquiry. 2017 January:ane-23.
^ David Batty (2006-02-21). "Unmarried-parent families double likelihood of child mental disease". the Guardian.
^ Thomas, George; Farrell, Michael P.; Barnes, Grace Thousand. (i January 1996). "The Effects of Single-Female parent Families and Nonresident Fathers on Delinquency and Substance Abuse in Black and White Adolescents". Periodical of Marriage and Family. 58 (4): 884–894. doi:10.2307/353977. JSTOR 353977.
^ Gove, Walter R.; Crutchfield, Robert D. (1982). "The Family and Juvenile Malversation*". The Sociological Quarterly. 23 (3): 301–319. doi:x.1111/j.1533-8525.1982.tb01014.x. S2CID 143647741.
^ "Children in unmarried-parent families by race | KIDS COUNT Data Center". datacenter.kidscount.org . Retrieved 2019-05-13 .
^ Snowdon, Stacey (1997). "DIVORCE AND ITS Effects ON CHILDREN". Advocates for Children programme, College Park Scholars, University of Maryland. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Thompson, Derek (Oct 1, 2013). "How America's Marriage Crisis Makes Income Inequality So Much Worse" – via The Atlantic.
^ ^a ^b "About Single Parent". Single Parenting. April 23, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 Dec 2012. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
^ Reed, Diane and Edward. "Children of Incarcerated Parents". Social Justice, Fall 1997 v24 n3 p152(eighteen). Archived from the original on 12 Oct 2011. Retrieved fourteen November 2011.
^ ^a ^b Eagan, Cristina. "Zipper and Divorce: Family Consequences". Rochester Institute of Applied science. Retrieved xiv November 2011.
^ "The American South has the country'due south highest divorce rates". GlobalPost. 25 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Yen, Promise (25 August 2011). "United States Divorce Rate: 2009 Demography Report Reveals Startling Marriage Trends". Huffington Mail . Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ "Divorce Statistics". Archived from the original on xiii November 2011. Retrieved fourteen November 2011.
^ Bakery, A.L.; Ben-Ami, N. (2011). "Adult Recall of Babyhood psychological maltreatment in "Adult Children of divorce": Prevalence and associations with concurrent measures of well being". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 52 (four): 203–219. doi:ten.1080/10502556.2011.556973. S2CID 143613787.
^ Thomas, D.A.; Woodside, M. (2011). "Resilience in adult children of divorce: A multiple case written report". Marriage & Family Review. 47 (iv): 213–234. doi:10.1080/01494929.2011.586300. S2CID 144236587.
^ Cherlin, Andrew (2010). Public and Private Families. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. ISBN978-0-07-340435-six.
^ Niolon, PhD, Richard. "Children of Divorce and Adjustment". Psych Folio. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
^ Hess, Robert D.; Camara, Kathleen A. (1979-10-01). "Mail-Divorce Family unit Relationships as Mediating Factors in the Consequences of Divorce for Children". Journal of Social Bug. 35 (iv): 79–96. doi:x.1111/j.1540-4560.1979.tb00814.ten. ISSN 1540-4560.
^ Amato, Paul R. (2014). "The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children: An Update". Društvena Istraživanja. 23: 5–24. doi:10.5559/di.23.1.01.
^ "Single Parent Households – How Does it Affect the Children?". Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Eisenberg, Leon; Chocolate-brown, Sarah Hart (1995). The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-beingness of children and families . Washington, D.C: National University Press. ISBN978-0-309-05230-vi.
^ Waldfogel, Jane; Craigie, Terry-Ann; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne (2010-01-01). "Frail Families and Child Wellbeing". The Future of Children. 20 (2): 87–112. doi:10.1353/foc.2010.0002. ISSN 1054-8289. PMC3074431. PMID 20964133.
^ McLanahan, Sara; Brook, Audrey North. (2010-01-01). "Parental relationships in frail families". The Future of Children. twenty (2): 17–37. doi:10.1353/foc.2010.0007. ISSN 1054-8289. PMC3053572. PMID 20964130.
^ McLanahan, Sara (2009-01-01). "Delicate Families and the Reproduction of Poverty". The Register of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 621 (1): 111–131. doi:10.1177/0002716208324862. ISSN 0002-7162. PMC2831755. PMID 20204078.
^ Lundberg, Shelly; McLanahan, Sara; Rose, Elaina (2007). "Kid gender and male parent involvement in fragile families". Demography. 44 (i): 79–92. doi:10.1353/dem.2007.0007. ISSN 0070-3370. PMID 17461337. S2CID 21148498.
^ "Single Parent Adoptions". The Adoption History Project. University of Oregon. 24 Feb 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "Intercountry Adoption". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Diplomacy. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Cake-Hanson-Cormell (2001). "Unmarried Parent Adoptions: Why Not?". Adopting.org. Archived from the original on 6 Dec 2008. Retrieved 23 Apr 2014.
^ Shireman, Joan F.; Johnson, Renny R. (1985). "Single Parent Adoptions: A Longitudinal Study". Children and Youth Services Review. 7 (4): 321–334. doi:10.1016/S0190-7409(85)80005-0.
^ "Unmarried Parent Adoption". Adoption Services. Retrieved 23 Apr 2014.
^ "Single Parent Adoption: Challenges of Single Adoption". Adoptions Together. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "One Parent Families". Australian Social Trends, 2007. 4102. 2007-07-08.
^ Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of. "QuickStats details". world wide web.abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2016-05-17 .
^ "Department for Child Protection – Western Australia – Thinking virtually adoption?". www.dcp.wa.gov.au . Retrieved 2016-05-17 .
^ "Parenting Payment – Australian Government Department of Human Services". www.humanservices.gov.au . Retrieved 2016-05-17 .
^ "2013 Census QuickStats about families and households". Statistics New Zealand. 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on thirteen Nov 2014. Retrieved xi Dec 2014.
^ "Statistics". Gingerbread. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 Dec 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^ Labour Market Statistics, Labour Market Review 2006 – archived, U.k. Function for National Statistics, 23 March 2006
^ Full general Household Survey, 2005 Written report, Office for National Statistics, 28 November 2006 – see Table 3.6, Family type, and marital status of lone parents: 1971 to 2005.
^ Households Below Average Income (HBAI), Britain Department of Work and Pensions, fourteen June 2012
^ "Paying the cost: The long route to recovery". Archived from the original on 2014-12-17.
^ "FastStats – Births and Natality". 2018-08-08.
^ O'Hare, Bill (July 2001). "The Ascension – and Fall? – of Single-Parent Families". Population Today . Retrieved 9 November 2011.
^ "Unmarried Parent Success Foundation". America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-being. www.childstats.gov. Archived from the original on sixteen Nov 2011. Retrieved 9 Nov 2011.
^ "More Young Adults are Living in Their Parents' Home, Census Bureau Reports" (Press release). United States Demography Bureau. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "The Most Important Statistics Almost Single Parents". The Bandbox . Retrieved 2017-12-06 .
^ "The Number of Births to Unmarried Mothers in Massachusetts is Higher than Y'all Think". Infinity Law Group. 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-28 .
^ "Unmarried Mother Statistics". Single Mother Guide.
^ Navarro, Mireya (September 5, 2008). "The Available Life Includes a Family". The New York Times.
^ Bureau, US Census. "The Majority of Children Live With Two Parents, Census Bureau Reports". The United States Demography Bureau . Retrieved 2018-12-07 .
^ Amato, Paul R., Sarah Patterson, and Brett Beattie. "Single-Parent Households And Children'S Educational Achievement: A State-Level Analysis." Social Science Research 53.(2015): 191–202. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 18 March. 2017.
^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Single mothers in India not compelled to disclose father's identity: Supreme Court | DW | 07.07.2015". DW.COM . Retrieved 2021-11-27 .
^ A, Aruna (2021-09-14). "Need to sympathise the rights of a single mother by selection". Legal Bay . Retrieved 2021-eleven-27 .
^ "No need for single mother conceiving via IVF to give father's name on birth document: Kerala HC". The New Indian Express . Retrieved 2021-11-27 .
^ Aug 17, TNN /; 2021; Ist, 07:25. "Asking sperm donor's proper noun violates right to privacy, says Kerala loftier court | Kochi News - Times of Republic of india". The Times of India . Retrieved 2021-11-27 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)